Siti Nor Azielah bt Mohamad
193012
Tannen's (1987) principles of decency in discourse are as follows:
1. Formal expression (positive and negative images)
2. The ethics of decency
3.Choice (directness and indirectness)
4.Small (metamessage)
THE STRATEGY OF DECENT
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Bald on-record Positive decency
Example: Example: You look sad. Can I help you?
Ready! Can I borrow RM1?
Listen.. If you don’t mind, I follow you to hospital
Give me that big basket.
The light is green.
Please come in.
Eat some food
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Negative-decency Off-record
Maybe he take the box, maybe! Wow, its getting cold in this room.
Please give me the white plate. The price of shoes here is really expensive.
Then a little instruction is not needed? Your clothe is beautiful.
Throw empty bottles everywhere not
allowed.
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Figure 3: decency strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
Johnstone (2002) argues that discourse approaches are divided into several parts.
1. Words and lines
2.Particles and episodes
3. The grammar and narrative structure of the narrative
4.Out of conversations
5.Organize sentences
6.Description
7. Structures and regulations
Discourse Analysis Approach
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
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PRA-ASSESSMENT
1. Inquiry
2. Context
l acceptance/
disclaimer
l Requirements
l Requestations
l Anafore
l Returns
l Complexity
l Affirmation
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EMOTION
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Mixed Emotion
l Characteristics
l Personality
l Mood
l Motivation
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VALUE AND CULTURE
1. self
2. Community
3. Custom
l Honest, sincere, kind, love, craft, gratitude, simplicity
l Self-reliance, high self-esteem, courage, physical and mental hygiene, decency
l Great respect, cooperation, community spirit
l Justice, freedom, rationality
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LANGUAGE
1. First language/
second/
third
2. Formal/
Non-formal
3. Language error
4. Linguistic
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INFERENCE
1. Overall summary
2. Summary of discussion topics
3. Closing words
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Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim's Speech Analysis Approach (2018b)
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
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Content
1. Theme
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Context
1. Grammar
2. Background
3. Emotion
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Assumption
1. Opinion
2. Reference
3. Question
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Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
BROWN & YULE THEORY OF THE ANALYSIS (1983)
Brown & Yule (1983) have listed four elements of discourse. These elements include pre-assumptions, implications, references and inferences. Brown & Yule (1983) also stated that discourse can be analyzed through text, writing, speech and interaction studies.
Pretend
Predictions are pragmatic. These assumptions have been selected based on assumptions and assumptions about what the listener can expect without any obstacles.
Implicit
Implicit is a view or a possibility. The suggestions or meanings of the speakers / writers are different from what they say. Implications are in the form of conventional implications. Speakers / authors do not state that certain images are due to other features.
References
Speakers negotiate using appropriate expressions and combine them with negotiation expressions. Referrals are something that someone does using expressions.
Inference
Inferens denote efforts to make decisions. In addition, inference describes words or relationships between words. Various assumptions have been made in several assumptions and conclusions.
Stubbs's theory (1983) focuses on linguistic discourse.
1. The linguistic approach to discourse
2. Predictability
3. Phonotactic
4. Grammar
5. Intuition about the order of discourse
6. Predictability
7. Imagination and idealization
8. Structural control means
9. Canonical discourse and idealization
10. Analogy
11. Conclusion
THEORY OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (VANDIJIK, 1977)
Macro Structure
The global meaning of an observable text
of the topic / theme of a text
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Superstructure
The outline of a text such as the introduction,
content, conclusion and conclusion
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Micro Structure
The local meaning of an observable text
Instead of the choice of words, sentences and styles used in a text
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Figure 1: Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by vanDijk (1977)
Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1995)
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Textual Analysis
Grammar
•Theme
Lexical
•Metaphor
Cohesion
• Repetion
• Conjuntions
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Practical Discourse Analysis
Intertechnology
•Pretend
•Metawacana
• Disclaimer
Interdiction
• Narrative
• Debate
•Expository
• Expressive
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Social practical analysis
• Economy
• Education
• Politic
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Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
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